What is the skin microbiome, and why is it important?

The skin microbiome is the collective term for the different types of microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, and viruses living on the skin. These microbes play an important role in producing essential lipid molecules like ceramides that support the skin barrier, maintaining pH, inhibiting the growth of opportunistic pathogens, preserving microbial balance, and regulating inflammation. Pollution can disrupt this balance and reduce microbial diversity.

Can probiotic lysates in skincare really help?

Yes, probiotic lysates in skincare can genuinely help. Recent studies have shown that probiotic lysates improve skin hydration and elasticity, and reduce the appearance of wrinkles and fine lines. They also help restore microbial balance.

How does air pollution affect my skin?

Toxic particles in polluted air weaken the skin barrier, trigger inflammation, and disrupt skin pH and the skin microbiome. Over time, this can manifest as skin dryness, irritation, and acne flare-ups.

What are the best skincare ingredients to protect the skin from pollution?

Ingredients like vitamin C, astaxanthin, and ferulic acid have antioxidant properties that neutralise the free radicals produced from exposure to pollutants. Niacinamide, panthenol, and hyaluronic acid help lock in moisture, hydrate the skin, and support and strengthen skin barrier integrity. Incorporating the right ingredients that strengthen the skin barrier and provide antioxidant protection can help safeguard the skin from pollution.

Does pollution make skin age faster?

Yes, pollution can make your skin age faster. Pollution accelerates ageing by increasing oxidative stress. The reactive oxygen species can damage structural proteins like collagen and elastin, or activate enzymes that break down these proteins. This results in the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles.

How often should I cleanse my skin if I live in a polluted area?

Cleansing twice a day with a gentle, pH-friendly cleanser is generally recommended. If you’ve had heavy outdoor exposure, cleansing or showering afterward helps remove accumulated particulate matter.

Can diet help protect my skin from pollution?

Yes, fruits and vegetables rich in antioxidants, vitamins, and minerals help repair damaged skin and neutralize free radicals, which prevents further damage.

How pollution affects skin microbiome and skin health

Q: Can pollution cause breakouts or acne?

Yes, pollutants can contribute to acne breakouts. Pollutants can mix with excess oil on the skin, clog pores, and promote the growth of certain microbes, triggering inflammation and making the skin more prone to acne breakouts.

Introduction

Your skin is your body’s first line of natural defense against germs, chemicals, toxins, pollutants, and irritants/allergens. It is also home to tiny microbes most of which are harmless or even beneficial. This skin microbiome acts like a protective shield, helping prevent infections, modulate immunity, and maintain overall skin health. Its composition varies based on body sites, age, sex, genetics, and importantly, environmental factors such as air quality.

Air pollution including dust, smoke, vehicle emissions, and industrial chemicals —is not only harmful to your lungs but also a major threat to your skin. Tiny toxic particles in polluted air can damage the skin barrier, trigger inflammation, and negatively alter the skin microbiome .To understand your skin’s unique microbial balance and how pollution may be affecting it, try the Skin Microbiome Test from BugSpeaks—it helps you take the first step toward healthier skin.

How Pollutants Affect Your Skin Health

1. Breaks Down Your Protective Barrier

Pollution weakens the structural components of the skin, such as proteins and lipids, that help lock in moisture and keep germs out. Tiny pollution particles called particulate matter (PM) can alter key skin proteins and lipids like ceramides, increasing dryness and making the skin more prone to irritation, infections, and premature aging.

2. Triggers Inflammation

Ultrafine particles and traffic fumes stimulate the overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) unstable molecules that damage DNA, proteins, and lipids. This leads to chronic inflammation, accelerates skin aging, and worsens conditions like eczema and psoriasis. In addition, pollutants can mix with excess sebum on the skin, clog pores, and promote the growth of certain microbes, triggering inflammation and making the skin more prone to acne breakouts.

3. Disrupts Skin pH

Polluted environments can increase skin pH, reducing its protective function and impairing moisture retention. This makes the skin dry, sensitive, and more susceptible to infections. Pollution also affects microbial balance, encouraging the growth of opportunistic pathogens.

4. Disrupts the Skin Microbiome

Exposure to pollutants can reduce skin microbial diversity. Beneficial microbes like S. epidermidis produce essential lipids such as ceramides that strengthen the skin barrier and support hydration. Pollutants can decrease these beneficial microbes and interfere with metabolite production, compromising barrier function and causing dryness, flakiness, and itchiness.

Lower levels of protective microbes also allow harmful microbes such as Malassezia spp. and Aureobasidium spp. to overgrow, which is linked to inflammatory skin conditions like atopic dermatitis. Pollutants like polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) can also lead to the accumulation of unfavourable metabolites such as N-acetyl amino acids, promoting the colonization of Malassezia spp that might further worsen the skin discomforts. To understand common misconceptions around skin microbes and how they interact with skincare, you can also explore this detailed guide on skin microbiome myths.

5. Contributes to Antibiotic Resistance

Air pollutants and UV rays can activate genes in skin microbes that enhance antimicrobial resistance, making infections harder to treat over time.

Simple Strategies to Protect Your Skin and Microbiome

Using Pollution-Shielding Skin care Ingredients

Barrier Builders

Moisturizers rich in ceramides, hyaluronic acid, niacinamide, and panthenol help lock in hydration, repair pollution-induced stress, and strengthen skin barrier integrity.

Antioxidants

Topical antioxidants like vitamin C, ferulic acid, and astaxanthin neutralize free radicals, protect against UV and pollution damage, and boost collagen production, reducing fine lines and wrinkles.

Probiotic Lysates

Moisturisers and serums containing probiotic lysates support a healthy skin microbiome and promote faster recovery after pollution exposure, along with having a positive impact on skin health parameters such as hydration and moisturization.

Cultivating Healthy Habits

Gentle Cleansing

Use mild, fragrance-free, pH-friendly cleansers to remove pollutants, dead skin, and impurities. Cleansers with a pH around 5 help maintain the skin’s natural acidity and microbial balance.

Serums

Serums with niacinamide, panthenol, hyaluronic acid, and vitamin C improve hydration, moisturization, skin firmness, and help reduce fine lines and wrinkles.

Moisturizer

Facial creams and moisturizers hydrate the skin and support barrier function.

Sunscreen

Pollution increases UV sensitivity. A broad-spectrum sunscreen helps protect against combined pollution and sun-induced damage even on cloudy days.

Shower After Exposure to Pollutants

After being outdoors in heavy traffic or polluted environments, showering helps remove accumulated particles from the skin.

Air Purifiers

If you live in a highly polluted area, an indoor air purifier can reduce airborne particles that settle on your skin.

Diet and Lifestyle

Eating Antioxidant-Rich Foods

Fruits and vegetables rich in anti-oxidants, vitamins and phytonutrients help your skin fight pollution from within and help repair the damaged skin.

Staying Hydrated

Drinking enough water keeps your skin plump and enhances its protective abilities.

Quit Smoking

Cigarette smoke breaks down collagen and elastin, accelerating premature aging and increasing water loss, which impairs skin barrier function.

For those who smoke cigarettes regularly, products like the RychBiome Probiotic for Smokers may help support overall microbial balance and resilience.

Conclusion

Pollution is everywhere, especially in urban and developing areas, and its impact on skin health runs deeper than it appears. It can disrupt your skin barrier, harm beneficial microbes, increase sensitivity, and accelerate aging. The good news? With the right skincare ingredients, habits, and lifestyle choices, you can build strong defenses that keep your skin barrier resilient and your microbiome balanced.

Protecting your skin isn’t just about appearance, it's about supporting your body’s natural defense system in a polluted world. A simple, consistent skincare routine combined with healthy lifestyle habits can make a meaningful difference.

-Aravind Krishna

References

Tran, P. T., Schleusener, J., Kleuser, B., Jung, K., Meinke, M. C., & Lohan, S. B. (2024). Evidence of the protective effect of anti-pollution products against oxidative stress in skin ex vivo using EPR spectroscopy and autofluorescence measurements. European journal of pharmaceutics and biopharmaceutics : official journal of Arbeitsgemeinschaft fur Pharmazeutische Verfahrenstechnik e.V, 197, 114211. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpb.2024.114211

Liu, C. X., Li, L., & Zeng, Y. P. (2025). The Role of Air Pollution in the Pathogenesis of Atopic Dermatitis, With a Focus on Oxidative Stress. Clinical and translational allergy, 15(9), e70104. https://doi.org/10.1002/clt2.70104

Hieda, D. S., Anastacio da Costa Carvalho, L., Vaz de Mello, B., Oliveira, E. A., Romano de Assis, S., Wu, J., Du-Thumm, L., Viana da Silva, C. L., Roubicek, D. A., Maria-Engler, S. S., & Berlanga de Moraes Barros, S. (2020). Air Particulate Matter Induces Skin Barrier Dysfunction and Water Transport Alteration on a Reconstructed Human Epidermis Model. The Journal of investigative dermatology, 140(12), 2343–2352.e3. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jid.2020.03.971

Portugal-Cohen, M., Oron, M., Cohen, D., & Ma'or, Z. (2017). Antipollution skin protection - a new paradigm and its demonstration on two active compounds. Clinical, cosmetic and investigational dermatology, 10, 185–193. https://doi.org/10.2147/CCID.S129437

Lehmann, A. D., Blank, F., Baum, O., Gehr, P., & Rothen-Rutishauser, B. M. (2009). Diesel exhaust particles modulate the tight junction protein occludin in lung cells in vitro. Particle and fibre toxicology, 6, 26. https://doi.org/10.1186/1743-8977-6-26

Cervellati, F., Benedusi, M., Manarini, F., Woodby, B., Russo, M., Valacchi, G., & Pietrogrande, M. C. (2020). Proinflammatory properties and oxidative effects of atmospheric particle components in human keratinocytes. Chemosphere, 240, 124746. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.124746

How to Protect Your Skin and Microbiome from Pollution